We are proud to share the following article that ran in the winter edition of The Colorado Mathematics Teacher, the official publication of the Colorado Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Junior Achievement’s Finance Park: Solving Innumeracy with Financial Literacy
Although it’s been more than two decades since its first publication, John Allen Paulos’ Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences (1989) popularized and advocated for better education in reasoning and numeracy. Numeracy, or quantitative literacy, is not a specific, complex mathematical topic, but the application of basic math concepts in “‘sophisticated settings,’” many of which affect adults every day (Gilliland, Melfi, Sikorskii, Corcoran, & Melfi, 2011, 2). In fact, at roughly the same time of its publication the National Research Council (NRC) and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) released publications that changed the course of mathematic curricular design from one of mathematical topics to critical thinking, problem solving and practical applications (Schoenfeld,2002). The publications emphasize an undercurrent in mathematics instruction relevant to all students of all backgrounds—logical thinking and reasoning.
In the past two decades, a multitude of publications, reforms and revisions have affected curricular design and have resulted in a movement toward clear instruction within states and between states. The Common Core Standards, which seek to educate every student in mathematical topics and quantitative literacy, was adopted formally by Colorado in 2010. While it is critical that students have a thorough understanding of the topics taught in mathematics curricula, “making decisions in one’s personal life, on the job, and in matters of public interest calls increasingly for quantitatively sophisticated reasoning” (Schoenfeld, 2002, pg. 13). Traditional mathematics instruction in conjunction with an emphasis on reasoning and analysis, such as found in quantitative literacy and financial literacy like Junior Achievement, can help prepare students for personal and professional success.
Junior Achievement (JA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the theoretical with the practical and the community with the classroom, and has done so for over 60 years. JA offers free programming to schools that emphasize the three pillars of its mission—entrepreneurship, workforce readiness, and financial literacy. JA’s essential programming addresses the connection between financial literacy and quantitative literacy in its programs throughout Colorado. In an era when only 48% of students demonstrate proficiency on financial literacy tests (Mandel, 2008) and when financial literacy is considered a type of quantitative literacy (Gilliland, Melfi, Sikorskii, Corcoran, & Melfi, 2011,10), JA’s programs fill a critical need. To date, JA’s programs result in an aggregate 19% rate of gain, according to internal evaluation results. JA’s programs “[allow an] authentic assessment [opportunity] for teacher and student—[and measure] students’ ability to apply the ‘economic way of thinking,’” according to a high school teacher.
JA’s “authentic assessment” and “economic way of thinking” bridge quantitative literacy with real-world applications to state standards, as well as knowledge and skills that prepare students for college and careers, and emphasize higher order thinking skills. According to P21, a national organization focused on 21st Century skills, students excel when, in addition to common core subjects, students are given opportunities to focus on the 4Cs—collaboration, communication, creativity and innovation, and critical thinking and problem solving. JA integrates core knowledge and the 4Cs to provide comprehensive programming. Internal evaluation results demonstrate that 94% of surveyed educators believe JA’s programming encouraged critical thinking. Critical thinking through financial literacy programming is just one way to bolster students’ quantitative literacy skills.
In addition to JA’s classroom K-12 programming, JA also offers a variety of capstone projects and programs to enhance financial and quantitative literacy. In October 2011, JA launched JA Finance Park, presented by Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Company. JA Finance Park is a hands-on, budgeting simulation and opportunity, which provides free curriculum — taught in the classroom by teachers — to help students build a foundation for future personal financial success. During the one-day simulation, students create a budget based on a randomly assigned family and income profile, make purchase decisions while managing credit and debt, and donate their time, money or talent to various nonprofit organizations. This program meets all of the 8th grade and most high school Colorado Personal Financial Literacy standards in social studies and math, which include how saving and investing are key contributors to financial well-being. JA Finance Park demonstrates to students that a practical application exists between financial literacy and quantitative literacy. Students are required to think through purchasing and investing decisions, and balance a budget by the end of the day. JA Finance Park also helps students prepare their career and academic plan (ICAP) by connecting education milestones to specific jobs and their compensation. In 2008, a third-party evaluator assessed the quality and effectiveness of JA Finance Park. Not only did 98% of teachers say they would recommend JA Finance Park to other teachers, but also that their favorite aspects of the program include the real-world learning and practical applications of math. Teachers’ enthusiasm is reflected in students’ results. Before beginning the program, the students demonstrated an average pre-test score of 52% and, upon completion of the program, students correctly answered 72% of the post-test questions.
While these gains are significant, evaluations also revealed that the students retained the information presented through JA Finance Park in the long term. In fact, lifelong retention of a concept or skill occurs if the knowledge has been stored in memory for approximately two years. In 2009, external researchers conducted a retrospective study to determine what students recall three or more years after participation in JA Finance Park:
- 91% could correctly define a budget
- 81% said that they were more likely to use a budget
- 76% understand how credit works
- 89% knew that three variables (amount, interest and time) affect saving
- 71% know how to find out if a stock price went up or down
Although these results may appear to be financial literacy specific, in fact these are the same real-world applications that promote quantitative literacy. The high rate of retention among participating students may reveal that the more students invest in quantitative problem-solving, the more likely they are to retain information in hopes of becoming successfully critical adult consumers.
These results illustrate the short- and long-term value of this financial and quantitative literacy program, which is offered free to schools and students by JA. JA Finance Park and JA programs empower young people to own their economic future.
For more information regarding JA and JA Finance Park go to www.JAColorado.org. For specific media coverage of JA Finance Park, visit JA in the News.
About the author: Rachel Knaizer is the Research and Evaluation Manager for Junior Achievement-Rocky Mountain, Inc. and an adjunct instructor at University College, University of Denver.